Which is a potential consequence of long-term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition characterized by increasing airflow limitation and worsening respiratory function over time. As the disease advances, individuals often experience a gradual decline in lung function, leading to significant breathing difficulties. This is due to the obstruction and inflammation of the airways, coupled with the destruction of the lung parenchyma, which ultimately impairs the normal respiratory mechanics.

Worsened breathing difficulties are a hallmark of COPD progression, particularly during physical activity or even at rest as the disease advances. Patients may experience increased shortness of breath, increased effort required for breathing, and frequent exacerbations, which can further deteriorate their respiratory status.

In contrast, the other options present outcomes that are not consistent with the nature of COPD. For instance, increased lung elasticity, reduced airflow limitation, and improved gas exchange are outcomes not typically associated with the chronic and progressive nature of COPD. Over time, lung elasticity tends to decrease due to the loss of elastic recoil from lung tissue destruction, airflow limitation only worsens, and gas exchange efficiency often decreases as lung function declines. Thus, the worsening of breathing difficulties is indeed a central consequence of long-term COPD.